节水灌溉系统变频控制的节能研究与应用

以供水系统的扬程特性、管阻特性为基础，分析了变频调节供水系统与阀门调节供水系统的节能效果并作出比较。提出了变频自动控制在节水灌溉中的应用方案，改变了传统的调整阀门开度及人工启停电机来满足供水需要的操作方法。实践证明，在节水灌溉特别是在塑料大棚滴灌系统中采用变频调节来自动控制供水系统，与阀门调节供水系统相比，可节能20%～69%(大小与控制流量有关)，对延长设备的使用寿命、提高供水流量及供水压力的稳定性、减少人工操作的失误等方面均有积极的意义。     

不同施水量对黄芩干物质积累与分配的影响

为研究施水量对黄芩的影响，确定适宜黄芩生长的水分条件，在黄芩生长季节模拟降水量设4种不同施水量处理，测定黄芩生长形态指标和各器官干物质重量，计算黄芩各器官干重占总生物量大小。结果表明，施水量多的处理和施水量少的处理根干重、地上千重、总生物量较低，施水量不足对黄芩地上部的影响大于对根部的影响；中度和轻度水分胁迫处理黄芩根重、地上重、总生物量较高；黄芩比较耐旱，年降水量在321～450mm，黄芩生长季节降水量在250～350mm，黄芩地上部与地下部生长协调，各器官物质分配合理，产量高。     

宝鸡市陈仓区城区供水工程建设项目对土地资源的影响

不同工程项目对土地资源的影响不同。针对宝鸡市陈仓区城区供水工程建设项目对土地影响做了土地利用方式、土地结构、土壤类型、水土流失4方面的分析，并提出了相应保护对策和措施，为减轻工程项目对土地资源的影响提供了科学依据。     

CO2浓度与氮磷供应水平对黄瓜根系生长及各组织矿质养分含量的影响

在开顶式生长箱内，以黄瓜为试验材料，采用营养液培养方法，研究了不同氮水平、磷水平条件下大气CO2浓度对黄瓜植株内矿质养分含量以及根系形态的影响。结果表明：黄瓜植株各部位氮素含量随供氮水平提高而增加，磷水平提高，也能促进各部位氮含量的提高。植株各部位磷含量随供磷水平的提高而升高，在相同磷水平下，缺氮会使各部位磷含量升高。大气CO2浓度升高会使黄瓜植株各部位氮及特定部位的磷含量降低。黄瓜根部的Ca含量随CO2浓度的升高而显著降低，氮和磷水平的升高极显著地增加了其含量，且CO2浓度与供磷水平、供氮与供磷水平以及这三者之间存在明显的交互作用。供氮、供磷水平的升高极显著的提高了黄瓜叶片Ca的含量以及茎部Mg的含量，且两者存在明显的交互作用。黄瓜总根长和总根表面积随CO2浓度的增加有增大的趋势；在缺磷条件下，总根长和总根表面积随氮水平的提高而增大；而同一氮水平和CO2浓度下，磷水平的降低会增加总根长和总根表面积。总体看来，大气CO2浓度的升高能促进黄瓜根系的生长，但会使得黄瓜植株某些部位氮、磷、钙、镁等矿质元素含量降低，而供氮、供磷水平的提高可以通过增强黄瓜的生长与活力促进黄瓜根系对矿质养分的吸收，从而缓解由于CO2浓度升高带来的矿质元素含量降低的风险。这启示我们在对设施蔬菜CO2施肥的同时，也要注重适量提高合理配比下矿质元素的供应。     

我国北方干旱半干旱地区水资源演变规律及其供需状况评价

利用 1 994～ 2 0 0 0年的水文资料和第一次全国水资源评价成果 ,运用统计学方法 ,分析了我国北方干旱半干旱地区水资源分布情况及其近 5 0年来的演变规律 ,定量说明了干旱半干旱地区大气降水与水资源分布的一致性关系。评价了干旱半干旱地区水资源开发利用现状和供需平衡状况 ,为该地区优化配置水资源、调整和优化农业结构以及合理开采利用地下水资源提供参考依据     

The mineralogy and potassium supplying power of some loessial and related soils of New Zealand

Sixteen Pallic (Aqualfs, Ustalfs, Aquepts, Ochrepts) and related soils collected from the North and South Islands of New Zealand were studied to determine if variations in nonexchangeable K supply could be explained by mineralogical composition. A strong relationship was found which indicates that mica is weathering to vermiculite. Proportions of vermiculite and kandite are generally higher in the North Island than in the South Island. Dominance of either micas or vermiculite or kandite is determined by the stage of weathering and/or the nature of parent materials. Soils that supplied more nonexchangeable K (K_nex) to ryegrass plants contained more mica in the clay fraction than soils that supplied less K_nex. The results confirmed that use of a soil test that includes a measure of K_nex (i.e. acid-extractable K) may be a vital part of identifying variations in plant available K status of the soils. It is concluded that the K supplying power of the Pallic and related soils is related directly to the amounts of mica present in clay fraction and that good K supplying soils will be transformed to K depleted soils as a result of increased weathering and leaching (pedogenic factors) and K exploitation in intensive farming systems.     

陕西黄土高原地区退耕与粮食补助模式研究

在陕西黄土高原地区分区基础上 ,对各区未来 2 0年粮食供需状况进行预测 ,并根据未来粮食供需形势 ,选择了陕西黄土高原地区最优的退耕和粮食补助模式     

地热吸收式热泵在农村供热中的应用

本文针对中低温地热水,力求实现梯级利用,提高热利用率,探讨了以中低温地热水作热源的(驱动热源)第Ⅱ类吸收式热泵供热装置,提出了几种可能的方案。文中讨论了第Ⅱ类热泵的工作原理,介绍了本研究装置的系统,提出评价这类热泵的性能指标(当量供热系数)。并以氨·水工质为例,进行了计算。结果表明,这种装置具有较好的供热性能和高的热能利用率。     

Extraction of soil nitrogen by chloroform fumigation – A new index for the evaluation of soil nitrogen supply

The N extracted after chloroform (CHCl₃) fumigation was determined as a possible index of soil N supply to plants. The relationships between extractable N following fumigation and reference indices such as total N, alkali-hydrolyzable N, N released by the Stanford short-term incubation method, and the N extracted by KCl and by CaCl₂, were measured in nine soils of differing soil N supply capacity. A highly significant correlation was achieved between the extractable N released by fumigation and the N released by the Stanford method, i.e. a short-term aerobic incubation (r = 0.87). Similarly, the correlation between extractable N by fumigation and the N uptake by ryegrass was highly statistically significant (r = 0.93). Using the N extracted following fumigation has the advantage that laboratory results are available in two days and are both reproducible and of high precision. Therefore, the N extracted following fumigation is a valid, timesaving and precise index of soil N supply capacity.     

健全农村公共物品供给中农民需求表达机制的探讨

从农民需求表达与农村公共物品供给的关系入手,揭示出农民需求表达与公共物品最优供给的内在联系,说明了建立健全农民需求表达机制在促进农村公共物品供给中起着举足轻重的作用。从农民、农民组织和政府三个层面剖析了当前我国农民需求表达机制中存在的问题并提出健全和完善的对策建议。